In a large pot, heat the olive oil over medium heat. Add the chicken pieces and season with salt and pepper. Cook until browned and cooked through, about 5-7 minutes. Remove the chicken from the pot and set aside.
In the same pot, add the minced garlic and sauté for about 30 seconds until fragrant.
Add the uncooked pasta, chicken broth, Italian seasoning, and broccoli florets to the pot. Stir to combine.
Bring the mixture to a boil, then reduce the heat to a simmer. Cover and cook for about 12-15 minutes, or until the pasta is al dente and the broccoli is tender.
Return the cooked chicken to the pot. Stir in the grated Parmesan cheese and lemon juice until well combined. Cook for an additional 2-3 minutes until the cheese is melted and creamy.
Serve hot, garnished with fresh parsley.